Time domain simulation of a piano. Part 1 : model description
نویسندگان
چکیده
The purpose of this study is the time domain modeling of a piano. We aim at explaining the vibratory and acoustical behavior of the piano, by taking into account the main elements that contribute to sound production. The soundboard is modeled as a bidimensional thick, orthotropic, heterogeneous, frequency dependant damped plate, using Reissner Mindlin equations. The vibroacoustics equations allow the soundboard to radiate into the surrounding air, in which we wish to compute the complete acoustical field around the perfectly rigid rim. The soundboard is also coupled to the strings at the bridge, where they form a slight angle from the horizontal plane. Each string is modeled by a one dimensional damped system of equations, taking into account not only the transversal waves excited by the hammer, but also the stiffness thanks to shear waves, as well as the longitudinal waves arising from geometric nonlinearities. The hammer is given an initial velocity that projects it towards a choir of strings, before being repelled. The interacting force is a nonlinear function of the hammer compression. The final piano model is a coupled system of partial differential equations, each of them exhibiting specific difficulties (nonlinear nature of the string system of equations, frequency dependant damping of the soundboard, great number of unknowns required for the acoustic propagation), in addition to couplings’ inherent difficulties. Key-words: piano, modeling, energy, nonlinear precursor, damping phenomena ∗ Magique 3d team † Poems team ‡ UME Ensta ha l-0 07 39 38 0, v er si on 1 8 O ct 2 01 2 Simulation d’un piano en domaine temporel. Partie 1 : description du modèle. Résumé : On propose dans ce rapport un modèle temporel de piano. Nous avons l’objectif d’expliquer le comportement vibratoire et acoustique du piano, en prenant en compte les éléments principaux qui contribuent à la production du son. La table d’harmonie est modélisée comme une plaque de Reissner-Mindlin bidimensionnelle orthotrope, hétérogène, avec un amortissement dépendant de la fréquence. Les équations de la vibroacoustique modélisent le rayonnement de la table dans l’air avoisinnant, dans lequel nous calculons tout le champ acoutique autour de la ceinture supposée parfaitement rigide. La table d’harmonie est également couplée aux cordes à travers le chevalet, où elles forment un petit angle avec le plan horizontal. Chaque corde est modélisée par un système d’équations monodimensionnelles amorties, prenant en compte non seulement les ondes transversales excitées par le marteau, mais aussi la raideur grâce aux ondes de cisaillement, ainsi que les ondes longitudinales provenant des non linéarités géométriques. Le marteau est lancé avec une vitesse initiale vers le chœur de cordes, contre lequel il s’écrase avant d’être repoussé par les cordes. La force d’interaction dépend de façon non linéaire de l’écrasement du feutre du marteau. Le modèle complet de piano consiste en un système couplé d’équations aux dérivées partielles, dont chacune revêt des difficultés de nature différente (la corde est régie par un système d’équations non linéaires, l’amortissement de la table d’harmonie dépend de la fréquence, la propagation acoustique requiert un très grand nombre d’inconnues), auxquelles s’ajoute la difficulté inhérente aux couplages. Mots-clés : piano, modélisation, énergie, précurseur non linéaire, phénomènes d’amortissement ha l-0 07 39 38 0, v er si on 1 8 O ct 2 01 2
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